{"id":12642,"date":"2020-10-20T09:09:26","date_gmt":"2020-10-20T09:09:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/qubitacademy.com\/?p=12642"},"modified":"2020-10-22T11:35:55","modified_gmt":"2020-10-22T11:35:55","slug":"privilegovani-pouzivatelia-vo-windows","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.qubitacademy.com\/sk\/2020\/10\/20\/privilegovani-pouzivatelia-vo-windows\/","title":{"rendered":"Zabezpe\u010denie privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2013 ako zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 riziko ich kompromit\u00e1cie?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ke\u010f sa \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi podar\u00ed exploitova\u0165 zariadenie, jedna z prv\u00fdch vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 urob\u00ed je, \u017ee sa z neho sna\u017e\u00ed zozbiera\u0165 v\u0161etky prihlasovacie \u00fadaje. Ak z\u00edska aj prihlasovacie \u00fadaje privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov<\/a>, zna\u010dne mu to u\u013eah\u010d\u00ed kompromit\u00e1ciu celej siete. Pre \u00fato\u010dn\u00edka je toti\u017e \u0165a\u017ek\u00e9 pohybova\u0165 sa po sieti bez privilegovan\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu. <\/p>\n

Snaha o zabezpe\u010denie privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov je d\u00f4le\u017eitou t\u00e9mou u\u017e nieko\u013eko rokov. Bolo vyvinut\u00e9 ve\u013ek\u00e9 mno\u017estvo ochr\u00e1n, ktor\u00e9 zmier\u0148uj\u00fa riziko, \u017ee sa \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk dostane k prihlasovac\u00edm \u00fadajom v kompromitovanom syst\u00e9me. Tieto ochrany ale riziko kradnutia \u00fadajov neeliminuj\u00fa \u00faplne. Je preto aj na\u010falej \u017eiad\u00face, aby ste vo Va\u0161ej spolo\u010dnosti mali vhodne nastaven\u00fa \u200bspr\u00e1vu pr\u00edstupov a opr\u00e1vnen\u00ed privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov<\/a> pre pr\u00edpad, \u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edci tieto ochrany prekonaj\u00fa a z\u00edskaj\u00fa ich prihlasovacie \u00fadaje.<\/p>\n

Ako sa vlastne \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk m\u00f4\u017ee ku prihlasovac\u00edm \u00fadajom privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov dosta\u0165? Existuje mno\u017estvo n\u00e1strojov, ktor\u00e9 maj\u00fa za cie\u013e kradn\u00fa\u0165 prihlasovacie \u00fadaje z kompromitovan\u00e9ho zariadenia v snahe objavi\u0165 pr\u00e1ve \u00fadaje via\u017euce sa k privilegovan\u00fdm \u00fa\u010dtom. Tieto programy sa pok\u00fa\u0161aj\u00fa zozbiera\u0165 hashe, tickety, tokeny alebo prihlasovacie \u00fadaje ulo\u017een\u00e9 na disku alebo v opera\u010dnej pam\u00e4ti v ne\u0161ifrovanej forme. Programy a opera\u010dn\u00e9 syst\u00e9my sa tak\u00e9muto kradnutiu prihlasovac\u00edch \u00fadajov sna\u017eia zabr\u00e1ni\u0165, prest\u00e1vaj\u00fa dr\u017ea\u0165 ne\u0161ifrovan\u00e9 prihlasovacie \u00fadaje v pam\u00e4ti alebo chr\u00e1nia hashe, tickety a hesl\u00e1 pomocou virtualiz\u00e1cie. <\/p>\n

Obrovsk\u00fdm rizikom s\u00fa tie\u017e slab\u00e9 hesl\u00e1 privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov (alebo hesl\u00e1 ulo\u017een\u00e9 slabou met\u00f3dou), preto\u017ee \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk ich dok\u00e1\u017ee \u013eahko prelomi\u0165. Sp\u00f4sob ako zmierni\u0165 toto riziko je napr\u00edklad na syst\u00e9movej \u00farovni br\u00e1ni\u0165 privilegovan\u00fdm pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom v pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00ed slab\u00fdch hesiel a v autentifik\u00e1cii pomocou slab\u00fdch met\u00f3d ako je napr\u00edklad NTLM.<\/p>\n

Riziko predstavuje napr\u00edklad aj privilegovan\u00fd \u00fa\u010det lok\u00e1lneho administr\u00e1tora<\/a>, ktor\u00fd m\u00e1 rovnak\u00e9 heslo naprie\u010d r\u00f4znymi zariadeniami. Ak \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk z\u00edska heslo do tak\u00e9hoto \u00fa\u010dtu, spolu s n\u00edm z\u00edska aj pr\u00edstup do mnoh\u00fdch \u010fal\u0161\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov. Kv\u00f4li eliminovaniu tohto rizika s\u00fa v s\u00fa\u010dasnosti v opera\u010dnom syst\u00e9me Windows v r\u00e1mci predvolen\u00fdch nastaven\u00ed obmedzen\u00e9 opr\u00e1vnenia na vykon\u00e1vanie vzdialen\u00fdch zmien pre \u00fa\u010det lok\u00e1lneho administr\u00e1tora. Lok\u00e1lny administr\u00e1tor napr\u00edklad nem\u00f4\u017ee vzdialene zapisova\u0165 do r\u00f4znych prie\u010dinkov a nem\u00f4\u017ee vzdialene pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 r\u00f4zne Windows n\u00e1stroje, ktor\u00e9 malv\u00e9r \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva na vytvorenie perzistencie.<\/p>\n

Microsoft a hist\u00f3ria zabezpe\u010dovania \u00fa\u010dtov<\/h3>\n

Microsoft si zranite\u013enosti spojen\u00e9 s privilegovan\u00fdmi \u00fa\u010dtami<\/a> a ich opr\u00e1vneniami ve\u013emi dobre uvedomuje a sna\u017e\u00ed sa st\u00e1le zav\u00e1dza\u0165 nov\u00e9 met\u00f3dy na ich ochranu. Snahy o zabezpe\u010dovanie \u00fa\u010dtov boli badate\u013en\u00e9 u\u017e od zavedenia opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu Windows 7. Predstav\u00edme si niektor\u00e9 z nich.<\/p>\n

Windows 7<\/h3>\n
UAC (User Account Control)<\/h5>\n

So zaveden\u00edm tohto opera\u010dn\u00e9ho syst\u00e9mu sa za\u010dalo pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 UAC, menej aplik\u00e1ci\u00ed po\u017eadovalo zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00e9 privil\u00e9gi\u00e1 a pou\u017e\u00edvatelia museli schv\u00e1li\u0165 ve\u013ea \u010dinnost\u00ed predt\u00fdm, ne\u017e ich po\u010d\u00edta\u010d vykonal (napr\u00edklad spustenie programu, otvorenie s\u00faboru, at\u010f.). <\/p>\n

Windows 8<\/h3>\n

Prihlasovacie \u00fadaje sa neukladaj\u00fa do pam\u00e4te<\/h5>\n

V opera\u010dnom syst\u00e9me Windows 8 u\u017e ve\u013ea programov prestalo dr\u017ea\u0165 prihlasovacie \u00fadaje ulo\u017een\u00e9 v pam\u00e4ti, aby t\u00fdm znemo\u017enilo n\u00e1strojom ako Mimikatz kradnutie hesiel z t\u00fdchto zdrojov.<\/p>\n

Chr\u00e1nen\u00e9 procesy<\/h5>\n

Windows 8 tie\u017e zaviedol koncept chr\u00e1nen\u00fdch procesov. Tie mohli na\u010d\u00edta\u0165 iba podp\u00edsan\u00fd k\u00f3d a interagova\u0165 s in\u00fdmi chr\u00e1nen\u00fdmi procesmi. \u017dia\u013e, t\u00e1to ochrana bola v r\u00e1mci predvolen\u00fdch nastaven\u00ed vypnut\u00e1 a Mimikatz ju aj tak dok\u00e1zal ob\u00eds\u0165 na\u010d\u00edtan\u00edm podp\u00edsan\u00e9ho drivera.<\/p>\n

Obmedzen\u00e9 opr\u00e1vnenia lok\u00e1lneho administr\u00e1tora<\/h5>\n

Windows 8 sa sna\u017eil obmedzi\u0165 aj riziko vych\u00e1dzaj\u00face z existencie \u00fa\u010dtu pre lok\u00e1lneho administr\u00e1tora<\/a>, ktor\u00fd mal rovnak\u00e9 heslo naprie\u010d r\u00f4znymi zariadeniami. (Existencia tak\u00e9hoto \u00fa\u010dtu je rizikom, preto\u017ee ak \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk z\u00edska heslo do tohto \u00fa\u010dtu, spolu s n\u00edm z\u00edska aj pr\u00edstup na mnoho \u010fal\u0161\u00edch po\u010d\u00edta\u010dov.) Microsoft z tohto d\u00f4vodu zna\u010dne obmedzil opr\u00e1vnenia na vykon\u00e1vanie vzdialen\u00fdch zmien pre \u00fa\u010det lok\u00e1lneho administr\u00e1tora. Lok\u00e1lny administr\u00e1tor napr\u00edklad nem\u00f4\u017ee vzdialene zapisova\u0165 do r\u00f4znych prie\u010dinkov a nem\u00f4\u017ee vzdialene pou\u017e\u00edva\u0165 n\u00e1stroje ako schtasks, WMI a in\u00e9 n\u00e1stroje, ktor\u00e9 malv\u00e9r \u010dasto pou\u017e\u00edva na vytvorenie perzistencie.<\/p>\n

Domain Protected Users Security Group<\/h5>\n

\u010eal\u0161\u00edm podstatn\u00fdm prvkom na ochranu vo Windows 8 je Domain Protected Users Security Group, ktor\u00e1 sl\u00fa\u017ei na ochranu privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov<\/a> \u2013 br\u00e1ni im v autentifik\u00e1cii pomocou slab\u00fdch met\u00f3d ako s\u00fa NTLM, CredSSP alebo Digest Authentication.<\/p>\n

Windows 10<\/h3>\n
Credential Guard<\/h5>\n

Tento opera\u010dn\u00fd syst\u00e9m prispel ku bezpe\u010dnosti pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013esk\u00fdch \u00fa\u010dtov napr\u00edklad pridan\u00edm Credential Guard, \u010do je technol\u00f3gia chr\u00e1niace hashe a tickety pomocou virtualiz\u00e1cie. <\/p>\n

Device Guard<\/h5>\n

Ochrana Device Guard zase funguje na princ\u00edpe aplika\u010dn\u00e9ho whitelistingu a povol\u00ed spusti\u0165 iba d\u00f4veryhodn\u00fd k\u00f3d, \u010d\u00edm m\u00f4\u017ee zabr\u00e1ni\u0165 spusteniu \u0161kodliv\u00e9ho k\u00f3du – napr\u00edklad aj tak\u00e9ho, ktor\u00fd sa pok\u00fa\u0161a z\u00edska\u0165 prihlasovacie \u00fadaje.<\/p>\n

Napriek v\u0161etk\u00fdm ochran\u00e1m, ktor\u00e9 existuj\u00fa, je st\u00e1le ve\u013ek\u00e1 \u0161anca, \u017ee sa \u00fato\u010dn\u00edk dostane do privilegovan\u00e9ho \u00fa\u010dtu. Z toho d\u00f4vodu treba v ka\u017edej spolo\u010dnosti ve\u013emi citlivo a premyslene nastavi\u0165 pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eom role a prideli\u0165 k nim jednotliv\u00e9 opr\u00e1vnenia. Kompromit\u00e1cia \u00fa\u010dtu disponuj\u00faceho v\u00e4\u010d\u0161\u00edmi opr\u00e1vneniami, ne\u017e je nutn\u00e9, u\u013eah\u010d\u00ed \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi jeho cestu dovn\u00fatra organiz\u00e1cie.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ke\u010f sa \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi podar\u00ed exploitova\u0165 zariadenie, jedna z prv\u00fdch vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 urob\u00ed je, \u017ee sa z neho sna\u017e\u00ed zozbiera\u0165 v\u0161etky prihlasovacie \u00fadaje. Ak z\u00edska aj prihlasovacie \u00fadaje privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov, zna\u010dne … <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":8,"featured_media":12407,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[54],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"\nZabezpe\u010denie privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2013 ako zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 riziko ich kompromit\u00e1cie? - Qubit Academy<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/qubitacademy.com\/sk\/2020\/10\/20\/privilegovani-pouzivatelia-vo-windows\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"sk_SK\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Zabezpe\u010denie privilegovan\u00fdch pou\u017e\u00edvate\u013eov \u2013 ako zn\u00ed\u017ei\u0165 riziko ich kompromit\u00e1cie? - Qubit Academy\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Ke\u010f sa \u00fato\u010dn\u00edkovi podar\u00ed exploitova\u0165 zariadenie, jedna z prv\u00fdch vec\u00ed, ktor\u00e9 urob\u00ed je, \u017ee sa z neho sna\u017e\u00ed zozbiera\u0165 v\u0161etky prihlasovacie \u00fadaje. 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